With the advent of "cultural" option in the mainstream of Western Marxism, began to emphasize the importance of subjective measures in the "eternal" problem of the relation of base and superstructure. While the origins of "cultural" options Marxism quite strongly rooted in the philosophy of Gramsci (Gramsci, 1961) and therefore already in the thirties, so much controversy erupts in earnest only in the 60 and 70 in the form of even Althusser and EP Thompson. Together with the Learning to Labour (Willis, 2006) revives thinking about the processes of cultural reproduction in terms of subjective activity. It is assumed that the actions of individuals are determined not only the environment but the operation of a cultural milieu and an active "production" of cultural units. Social relations in conjunction with the conditions of production and reproduction, the specificity of cultural inertia, institutional order, according to Willis, is shaped by forms of social reproduction through cultural production and reproduction. Cultural practices pose a significant aspect of innovation, however, despite the fact that culture is emerging as a result of human practice, it does so while maintaining deep structure or, saying a bit more carefully, changing trends in the cultural system.
separated from the cultural practices of conventional purposes are entering into areas that can be called, and such at achieving goals. They make creative use of available services, items and raw materials (assuming that they are intended for private use and consumption with the prevailing standards of institutional or commercial), releasing its potential social and creating unforeseen read, use and capacity by anyone not intentional (Willis, 2005 , p. 63). In
part of my research on the educational system have observed that the students called. school "elite" in a manner more or less creative use of resources which gives them their culture. You will fill the frame, which have been prepared for them, as if to fill the spaces but rather a place that in time you need to be addressed, should podług some unconscious imperative, or manage, referring to the root, the word "culture" to cultivate. As far as their cultural practices remain creative? That's the problem a slightly different measurement. With made by me Evidence shows that it is work, at least in part, entered into the framework of expectations of teachers, who not only accept but also a Contributing in this way a relationship with students who might mean something more than the subordination and domination. Willis continues the discussion of cultural practices in the following way:
Informal cultural practices are grown on the grounds that it brings contentment and satisfaction, as well as complete awareness of self, a sense within their own
Probably the most important feature of cultural practices is not their function is critical or expressing kontestacyjna but the closest connection with the conditions of existence in ever newer and more creative forms of cultural expression that underpin the genuine sense of each other, both at the collective level and group. Identities are formed and represent the basis of cultural practices, an important factor which turns out to be the meaning of creativity in the creative use of "objective possibility." How do I find myself in the middle-class institutions, ideologies, to be a reflection of its power? It seems that finding one's place is much easier than in the case of children from working class families. Shows the same dominance of possibilities for use, on the other hand shapes living conditions to be tamed. In the case of the middle class seems rather tame to confirm the naturalness of confinement in the world, like being at home, and indirectly, sotto voce is the confirmation of certain types of rule, in the case of schools, government experts.
cultural practices provide, according to Willis, a constant need for production (or generation would say of himself, self-creation) in every human being. This frame is the main motivation the desire, perhaps even a relationship to the world, which makes the cultural production never stops. Cultural practices and associated cultural production abolish the opposition between the subjective effects and the structure, at least at the level of metateoretycznym. Speaking in simple language, Willis finds a structure-structure in the area of \u200b\u200bculture. Every act of human practice is his opinion kulturotwórczy nature, and each time brings the cultural milieu and reproduces them at the same time in a new form. Culture 'guys, "Willis is a full binarności, structures, opposition to what the rest of the complaint is often directed against Willis. The most marked opposition which emerges in the course of reading Learning to Labour opposition to men's, women's and homologous: strong weak, street knowledge, knowledge of school, etc.. Giddens defines this type of treatment as a "theory of structuring, that is, where the structure of both the environment and its effect (Giddens, 2003). However, the structure of Willis is a prerequisite for action and not its determinant. What unites, rather strongly, with the tradition of Marxist Willis is clearly distinguish the role of culture and what constitutes an economic and social base. The basis of social order are culturally conditioned operation unit operating within a system of mutual dependence result of activity undertaken. "Mysterious" coherence has the effect of "harmony, set forward," in which established is rebellion, denial reduced to subordination of the individual functions of the role that he would play in the production system. In terms of Willis, the social structure of the metaphor of the social system.
Willis social ontology is based on the notion of cultural production. Perhaps the starting point, in contrast to Marx, who starts from the question of capital goods, makes the analysis of Willis, though assumptions Marxist, so much different from Marxist orthodoxy and passes the cultural items.
As can be translated into assumptions about epistemology and ontology into practice research? Well, the impact of Willis may be found in a number of researchers engaged in the broad sense ethnography. These include Carspecken, McLaren, Mc Robie and Everhart. This approach is characterized as two significant moments. In the first task of the researcher is the reconstruction of cultural study group with the consent of the active contribution of its members, made the analysis. The next step is to reach the hidden structures such as values, belief, beliefs and structural relationships generated by the daily, routine interactions. The task of the researcher to obtain insight into the dialectical relationship, which includes those in the deep structures and practices kulturowe podmiotu, które w ostatecznej instancji są podstawą konstruowania tożsamości.
Drugi moment, równie ważny, związany jest z próbą praktycznego wykorzystania badań. Polega na zbadaniu rekonstrukcji badanej kultury w relacji do porządku instytucjonalnego. W rezultacie, ostatecznym uzasadnieniem badania jest pokazanie sposobu, w jaki kulturowe formacje wikłają się w relacje adaptacji i oporu wobec struktur społecznych nierówności, i niesprawiedliwych warunków egzystencji. Najważniejszą rolą badania jest, w tym ujęciu, wkład w zmianę społeczną i zaangażowanie formatywne badacza.
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